The possibilities for developing are specific for each city and have to be established in terms of the context and the region. Urban sprawl is usually followed by functional specialization of certain areas of shopping centers, recreational zone, zone for housing, industrial and craft parts that drastically reduces the ecological capital of small and large cities. Urban development should be conducted in cooperation with the public and community, social priorities, the establishment of urban form and care for the local environment. Measures of urbanization should be reoriented thus create maximum effects with minimal use of resources.
Coherence and compact city. Cities should be coherent and compact (inclusive towns) with the aim urban area to become simpler, affordable and stimulating for their citizens, regardless of their social status, age and health condition. Focus is on inclusiveness in urban centers that act as machines that need to pull the economy forward.
The idea of a compact city (centralization) originate from Europe, particularly first theory is mentioned in the Commission of the European Communities in 1990 as a mixture of various socially sustainable features that will concentrate future development. It should significantly reduce the need for motor traffic that in turn will gradually reduce the emission of harmful gases into the air. This idea promotes the use of public transport, walking and bicycle use. The compact city model answers on the relationship between the density and intensity of development. Compact cities are characterized by medium and high density built environment with mixed functional and public open spaces, with certain limits of growth and planning in accordance with the protection of natural resources outside of urban areas. The compact city is homogeneous phenomenon. Creating a compact city includes intensification of built parts and intensification is a dynamic process.
The compact city should be developed around the centers of commercial and social activity that is desirable to gravitate towards public transport. Thus developed focal points with owns public space and parks with greenery. The compact city concept is found today mostly in Europe, America and Japan, as in other industrialized countries and in developing countries in Asia.
Plan of London 2004: a compact city - adequate space. Plan of London from 2004 is the first example in England of a new type of regional plan that promotes London as a sustainable city. Spatial London faces with changes in terms of housing population and increasing of employment. That would mean an increase by 10 % by 2016 to occur with the new development in the existing city limits without expanding the environment. London will become more compact and will develop intensively.
London is one of the three financial centers in the world. Especially it is suitable for international migration which up to 100 000 per year. According to current estimates the population in London is expected to grow to 8.2 million people by 2021. London Plan contains 28 areas planned for sustainable development which is mostly located in the northeastern and southeastern sub region city. The eastern part of the city is a priority area for development by providing 850 000 new jobs by 2026 people who would be nested in areas off Isle Dogs and Stratford City. New bridges over the Thames are envisaged for transport. Notable are the development plans relating to spatial changes for the Olympic Games that had been held in London in 2012. The plan was criticized for being too centralized and requires more polycentric development outside central London and improving the surrounding transport links, which will allow promotion of new local jobs. London suburban areas occupy 2/3 of the total area of London and are essentially dependent on the transport car. The plan offers development of that suburban areas, particularly by improving the transport system and intensify the potential to the housing and employment in other areas .
Asian compact cities. Asian cities are basically with high-density built up, with use of small vehicles and high use of public transport. It is made a comparison of the nine most important Asian cities which are at different levels of development: Surabaya, Jakarta and Manila which in 1990 were low - developed cities, than Bangkok, Kuala Lumpur and Seoul were well developed and at the end - Singapore, Hong Kong and Tokyo were highly developed cities. Just Kuala Lumpur between all these cities has an average density of development and population similar to European cities. It is characteristic that in Asian cities with high population density occur fewer vehicles per capita. The best example for that is Hong Kong where public transport covered 82 % of the total motorized movement in the city in 1990 and only due to the high population density. Large population density allows some distance by passing with pedestrian movement without ever having used motor traffic of any kind. High density of population is the reason why Asian cities have high density of built up and small length of roads and fewer vehicles. In such circumstances, it is logical traffic capacity is less per capita unlike cities and regions with low population density. Some Asian cities have well- organized fast roads. In 1990 Hong Kong had a 4.4 m fast road of 1 hectare of urbanized land, Kuala Lumpur 2.6m in 1985 and already 4.1m in 1997, Seoul in 1995 has 3.1m per hectare and Singapore in 1990 has 3.3m per hectare.
Much of the residential neighborhoods in Asian cities are planned and designed for housing, but without mass use of cars and thus imposes public transport. The high level of use of cars is unacceptable for urban high population density. Therefore in Asian countries is a popular movement with bicycles and mopeds.
A web site in English about sustainable city planning: http://www.hallbarstad.se/
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